Evaluation of Salivary Biomarkers and Spirometry for Diagnosing COPD in Non-Smokers and Smokers of Polish Origin (2024)

FAQs

What is a salivary biomarker? ›

Salivary biomarkers such as interleukins, growth factors, enzymes, and other biomolecules have proven useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of these diseases, facilitating the early evaluation of malignization risk and the monitoring of disease progression and response to treatment.

Stress markers found in saliva include cortisol, chromogranin A and α‐amylase. Biomarkers of immunity found in saliva include secretory immunoglobulin A and lysozyme.

A laboratory method that uses a sample of tissue, blood, or other body fluid to check for certain genes, proteins, or other molecules that may be a sign of a disease or condition, such as cancer.

Salivary analysis can be used to diagnose dental caries by measuring the levels of various biomarkers, such as bacterial species, pH, and fluoride levels. The presence of certain bacterial species, such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, is strongly associated with the development of dental caries.

Saliva has been reliably used to detect HIV-1 and -2, and viral hepatitis A, B and C. It can also be used to monitor a variety of drugs including marijuana, cocaine and alcohol (1). There are compelling reasons to use saliva as a diagnostic fluid to monitor health and diseases.

Some common markers of inflammation measured in saliva include cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-1β or tumor necrosis factor [TNF]–α) or acute phase proteins (e.g., C reactive protein [CRP]).

Saliva diagnosis is a method of diagnosing diseases by detecting biomarkers related to specific organ diseases in saliva. It is considered to be a very promising way, which can provide early and accurate diagnosis, improve prognosis, and conduct good monitoring after treatment, as shown in Table 2.

Salivary biomarkers, including cortisol, salivary α-amylase, chromogranin A, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and immunoglobulin A, are responsive to acute and/or chronic stressors, and thus, are prerequisite biomarkers in stress-related research.

In fact, some pain biomarkers have already been determined in saliva,34 35 such as salivary cortisol, its salivary levels correlate strongly with the level of pain,36 salivary α-amylase,37 secretory IgA (sIgA),38 testosterone39 or tumour necrosis factor receptor type II (sTNF-RII).

The most promising salivary biomarkers for nutritional status included: glucose, where saliva and serum levels were positively correlated in those with type 2 diabetes (T2D), higher salivary calcium levels in post-menopausal women in general and specifically those with lower bone mineral density (BMD), and salivary ...